Whats the zeolite ?
Zeolites are microporous,
aluminosilicate minerals commonly used as commercial
adsorbents. The term zeolite was originally coined in 1756 by Swedish mineralogistAxel Fredrik
Cronstedt, who observed that upon rapidly heating the material stilbite, it produced large amounts of
steam from water that had been adsorbed by the material. Based on this, he
called the material zeolite, from the Greek ζέωzeō),
meaning "boil" and λίθος (lithos),
meaning "stone".
As of January 2008, 175 unique zeolite frameworks have been identified, and
over 40 naturally occurring zeolite frameworks are known.[3][4] Zeolites have a porous structure
that can accommodate a wide variety of cations, such as Na+, K+,
Ca2+, Mg2+ and others. These positive ions are rather
loosely held and can readily be exchanged for others in a contact solution.
Some of the more common mineral zeolites are analcime, chabazite, clinoptilolite, heulandite, natrolite, phillipsite, and stilbite. An example mineral formula is: Na2Al2Si3O10-2H2O,
the formula for natrolite.
Natural zeolites form where volcanic rocks and ash layers react with alkaline
Zeolites are the aluminosilicate members of the family of microporous solids known as "molecular sieves." The term molecular sieve refers to a particular property of these materials, i.e., the ability to selectively sort molecules based primarily on a size exclusion process. This is due to a very regular pore structure of molecular dimensions. The maximum size of the molecular or ionic species that can enter the pores of a zeolite is controlled by the dimensions of the channels. These are conventionally defined by the ring size of the aperture, where, for example, the term "8-ring" refers to a closed loop that is built from 8 tetrahedrally coordinated silicon (or aluminum) atoms and 8 oxygen atoms. These rings are not always perfectly symmetrical due to a variety of effects, including strain induced by the bonding between units that are needed to produce the overall structure, or coordination of some of the oxygen atoms of the rings to cations within the structure. Therefore, the pores in many zeolites are not cylindrical.Turkey has best clinoptilolite content zeolite.Turkey is clinoptilolite high level because pure clinoptilolite.Clinoptilolite content used of the all fields.Turkey zeolites has pure clinoptilolite as white well as light colored.Clinoptiolite content 95%.
USES
Medical
Zeolite-based oxygen concentrator systems are widely used to
produce medical-grade oxygen. The zeolite is used as a molecular sieve to
create purified oxygen from air using its ability to trap impurities, in a
process involving the adsorption of nitrogen, leaving highly purified oxygen
and up to 5% argon.
QuikClot
brand hemostatic agent, which continues to be used successfully to save lives
by stopping severe bleeding,[5]
contains a calcium-loaded form of zeolite.
It also is used for extracting cholesterol during the method of Abell et al.
for serum cholesterol analysis.
Commercial and Domestic
Zeolites are widely used as ion-exchange beds in domestic and commercial water purification, softening, and other
applications. In chemistry, zeolites are used to separate molecules
(only molecules of certain sizes and shapes can pass through), as traps for
molecules so they can be analyzed.
Zeolites have the potential of providing precise and specific separation of
gases including the removal of H2O, CO2 and SO2
from low-grade natural gas streams. Other separations include noble gases,
N2, O2, freon and formaldehyde. However, at present, the true
potential to improve the handling of such gases in this manner remains unknown.
Petrochemical industry
Synthetic zeolites are widely used as catalysts
in the petrochemical industry, for instance in fluid catalytic cracking and hydro-cracking. Zeolites
confine molecules in small spaces, which causes changes in their structure and
reactivity. The hydrogen form of zeolites (prepared by ion-exchange)
are powerful solid-state acids, and can facilitate a host of acid-catalyzed reactions,
such as isomerisation, alkylation,
and cracking. The specific activation modality of most zeolitic catalysts used
in petrochemical applications involves quantum-chemical Lewis acid site
reactions.
Catalytic cracking uses a furnace and reactor. First, crude oil distillation
fractions are heated in the furnace and passed to the reactor. In the reactor,
the crude meets with a catalyst such as zeolite. It goes through this step
three times, each time getting cooler. Finally, it reaches a step known as
separator. The separator collects recycled hydrogen. Then it goes through a
fractionator and becomes the final item.
Nuclear industry
Zeolites have uses in advanced reprocessing methods, where their
micro-porous ability to capture some ions while allowing others to pass freely
allow many fission products to be efficiently removed from nuclear waste and
permanently trapped. Equally important are the mineral properties of zeolites.
Their alumino-silicate construction is extremely durable and resistant to
radiation even in porous form. Additionally, once they are loaded with trapped
fission products, the zeolite-waste combination can be hot pressed into an
extremely durable ceramic form, closing the pores and trapping the waste in a
solid stone block. This is a waste form factor that greatly reduces its hazard
compared to conventional reprocessing systems.[6]
Agriculture
In agriculture, clinoptilolite (a naturally occurring zeolite)
is used as a soil treatment. It provides a source of slowly released potassium.
If previously loaded with ammonium, the zeolite can serve a similar function in the slow
release of nitrogen.
Zeolites can also act as water moderators, in which they will adsorb up to 55%
of their weight in water and slowly release it under plant demand. This
property can prevent root rot and moderate drought cycles.
Animal
welfare
In concentrated animal growing facilities, the addition of as little as 1%
of a very low sodium clinoptiloite was shown to improve feed conversion, reduce
airborne ammonia up to 80%, act as a mycotoxin binder, and improve bone density.[7] It can be used in general odor elimination for all
animal odors.
Heating and Refrigeration
Zeolites can be used as solar thermal collectors and for adsorption refrigeration. In these
applications, their high heat of adsorption
and ability to hydrate
and dehydrate while maintaining structural stability is exploited. This hygroscopic
property coupled with an inherent exothermic
(heat-producing) reaction when transitioning from a dehydrated to a hydrated
form make natural zeolites useful in harvesting waste heat and solar heat energy.
Detergents
The largest single use for zeolite is the global laundry detergent
market. This amounted to 1.44 million metric tons per year of anhydrous zeolite
A in 1992.
Construction
Synthetic zeolite is also being used as an additive in the production
process of warm mix asphalt concrete. The development of this
application started in Germany in the 1990s. It helps by decreasing the
temperature level during manufacture and laying of asphalt concrete, resulting
in lower consumption of fossil fuels, thus releasing less carbon dioxide,
aerosols, and vapours. Other than that, the use of synthetic zeolite in hot
mixed asphalt leads to easier compaction and, to a certain degree, allows cold
weather paving and longer hauls.
When added to Portland cement as a pozzolan,
it can reduce chloride permeability and improve workability. It reduces weight
and helps moderate water content while allowing for slower drying which
improves break strength.[8]
Aquarium keeping
Zeolites are marketed by pet stores for use as a filter additive in aquariums.
In aquariums, zeolites can be used to adsorb ammonia
and other nitrogenous compounds. However, due to the high affinity of some
zeolites for calcium, they may be less effective in hard water and may deplete
calcium. Zeolite filtration is used in some marine aquaria to keep nutrient
concentrations low for the benefit of corals adapted to nutrient-depleted
waters.
Where and how the zeolite was formed is an important consideration for aquariums.
Most Northern hemisphere natural zeolites were formed when molten lava came in
contact with sea water, thereby 'loading' the zeolite with Na (sodium)
sacrificial ions. These sodium ions will speciate with other ions in solution,
thus the takeup of nitrogen in ammonia, with the release of the sodium. One
deposit in southern Idaho near Bear River is a fresh water variety (
Na<.05%) In southern hemisphere zeolites, such as found in Australia, which
were formed with fresh water, thus the calcium uptake on formation.
Zeolite is an effective ammonia filter, but must be used with some care,
especially with delicate tropical corals that are sensitive to water chemistry
and temperature.
Space hardware testing
Zeolites can be used as a molecular sieve in cryosorption
pumps for rough pumping of vacuum
chambers that can be used to simulate space-like conditions to test
hardware bound for space.
Cat litter
Non-clumping cat litter is often made of zeolite or diatomite.
What is a Zeolite?
The classical definition of a zeolite is a crystalline, porous aluminosilicate. However, some relatively recent discoveries of materials virtually identical to the classical zeolite, but consisting of oxide structures with elements other than silicon and aluminum have stretched the definition. Most researchers now include virtually all types of porous oxide structures that have well-defined pore structures due to a high degree of crystallinity in their definition of a zeolite.
In these crystalline materials we call zeolites, the metal atoms (classically, silicon or aluminum) are surrounded by four oxygen anions to form an approximate tetrahedron consisting of a metal cation at the center and oxygen anions at the four apexes. The tetrahedral metals are called T-atoms for short, and these tetrahedra then stack in beautiful, regular arrays such that channels form. The possible ways for the stacking to occur is virtually limitless, and hundreds of unique structures are known. Graphical depictions of several representative types are given under "Representative Structures".
The zeolitic channels (or pores) are microscopically small, and in fact, have molecular size dimensions such that they are often termed "molecular sieves". The size and shape of the channels have extraordinary effects on the properties of these materials for adsorption processes, and this property leads to their use in separation processes. Molecules can be separated via shape and size effects related to their possible orientation in the pore, or by differences in strength of adsorption.
Since silicon typically exits in a 4+ oxidation state, the silicon-oxygen tetrahedra are electrically neutral. However, in zeolites, aluminum typically exists in the 3+ oxidation state so that aluminum-oxygen tetrahedra form centers that are electrically deficient one electron. Thus, zeolite frameworks are typically anionic, and charge compensating cations populate the pores to maintain electrical neutrality. These cations can participate in ion-exchange processes, and this yields some important properties for zeolites. When charge compensating cations are "soft" cations such as sodium, zeolites are excellent water softeners because they can pick up the "hard" magnesium and calcium cations in water leaving behind the soft cations. When the zeolitic cations are protons, the zeolite becomes a strong solid acid. Such solid acids form the foundations of zeolite catalysis applications including the important fluidized bed cat-cracking refinery process. Other types of reactive metal cations can also populate the pores to form catalytic materials with unique properties. Thus, zeolites are also commonly used in catalytic operations and catalysis with zeolites is often called "shape-selective catalysis".
Clinoptilolite
Clinoptilolite is a natural zeolite comprising a microporous arrangement of silica and alumina tetrahedra. It has the complex formula: (Na,K,Ca)2-3Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36·12(H2O). It forms as white to reddish tabular monoclinic tectosilicate crystals with a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 and a specific gravity of 2.1 to 2.2. It commonly occurs as a devitrification product of volcanic glass shards in tuff and as vesicle fillings in basalts, andesites and rhyolites. It was described in 1969 from an occurrence in Owl Canyon, San Bernardino County, California.
Use of clinoptilolite in industry and academia focuses on its ion exchange properties having a strong exchange affinity for ammonia (NH4+). A typical example of this is in its use as an enzyme based urea sensor. It is also used as fertiliser.
Research is generally focussed around the shores of the Aegean Sea due to the abundance of natural clinoptilolite in easily accessible surface deposits.
General Clinoptilolite-Na Information
Chemical Formula: (Na,K,Ca)2-3Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36·12(H2O)
Empirical Formula: Na3.78K1.31Ca0.61Ba0.09Fe2+0.03Mn2+0.01Al6.61Fe3+0.16Si29.19O72·20.4(H2O)
|
Listing of 2
Records Sorted by D1 using 1.54056 - CuKa1 for 2θ WHERE (d1 > 3.9690145 AND d1 < 3.9729855) |
|||||||
|
D1 |
I1 |
D2 |
I2 |
D3 |
I3 |
Mineral |
Formula |
|
3.971(22.83) |
100 |
8.990(9.87) |
85 |
3.910(23.20) |
70 |
(Ca,Na,K)2-3Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36·12(H2O) |
|
|
3.971(22.83) |
100 |
8.990(9.87) |
85 |
3.910(23.20) |
70 |
(Na,K,Ca)2-3Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36·12(H2O) |
|
Minerals Arranged by X-Ray Powder Diffraction
See Help on X-Ray Diffraction.
Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) is one of the primary techniques used by mineralogists and solid state chemists to examine the physico-chemical make-up of unknown materials. This data is represented in a collection of single-phase X-ray powder diffraction patterns for the three most intense D values in the form of tables of interplanar spacings (D), relative intensities (I/Io), mineral name and chemical formulae
The XRD technique takes a sample of the material and places
a powdered sample in a holder, then the sample is illuminated with x-rays of a
fixed wave-length and the intensity of the reflected radiation is recorded
using a goniometer. This data is then analyzed for the reflection angle to
calculate the inter-atomic spacing (D value in Angstrom units - 10-
Physical Properties of Clinoptilolite-Na
Cleavage: [010] Perfect
Color: White, Reddish white.
Density: 2.1 - 2.2, Average = 2.15
Diaphaniety: Transparent to Translucent
Fracture: Uneven - Flat surfaces (not cleavage) fractured in an uneven pattern.
Habit: Crystalline - Fine - Occurs as well-formed fine sized crystals.
Habit: Tabular - Form dimensions are thin in one direction.
Hardness: 3.5-4 - Copper Penny-Fluorite
Luster: Vitreous (Glassy)
Streak: white
Optical Properties of Clinoptilolite-Na
Gladstone-Dale: CI
meas= -0.007 (Superior) - where the CI = (1-KPDmeas/KC)
CI calc= -0.011 (Superior) - where the CI
= (1-KPDcalc/KC)
KPDcalc=
0.227,KPDmeas=
0.226,KC= 0.2245
Optical Data: Biaxial (+/-), a=1.476-1.491,
b=1.479-1.493, g=1.479-1.497, bire=0.0030-0.0060, 2V(Calc)=0-72,
2V(Meas)=31-48. Dispersion r > v to r < v strong.
Calculated Properties of Clinoptilolite-Na
Electron Density:
relectron=2.17 gm/cc
note: rClinoptilolite-Na =2.15
gm/cc.
Fermion Index Fermion Index = 0.01533
Boson Index = 0.98467
Photoelectric:
PEClinoptilolite-Na = 3.67 barns/electron
U=PEClinoptilolite-Na x relectron=
7.96 barns/cc.
Radioactivity:
GRapi = 27.57 (Gamma Ray American Petroleum Institute Units)
Estimated Radioactivity from Clinoptilolite-Na - barely detectable
Our Company is producing high quality powder zeolite less then 1 micron.
HIGH TECH ZEOLITE PRODUCER / TURKEY
Please contact use : sevdayakici@breakthru.com
Mesh to
Micron Conversion Chart
|
U.S. mesh |
Inches |
Microns |
Millimeters |
|
3 |
0.2650 |
6730 |
6.730 |
|
4 |
0.1870 |
4760 |
4.760 |
|
5 |
0.1570 |
4000 |
4.000 |
|
6 |
0.1320 |
3360 |
3.360 |
|
7 |
0.1110 |
2830 |
2.830 |
|
8 |
0.0937 |
2380 |
2.380 |
|
10 |
0.0787 |
2000 |
2.000 |
|
12 |
0.0661 |
1680 |
1.680 |
|
14 |
0.0555 |
1410 |
1.410 |
|
16 |
0.0469 |
1190 |
1.190 |
|
18 |
0.0394 |
1000 |
1.000 |
|
20 |
0.0331 |
841 |
0.841 |
|
25 |
0.0280 |
707 |
0.707 |
|
30 |
0.0232 |
595 |
0.595 |
|
35 |
0.0197 |
500 |
0.500 |
|
40 |
0.0165 |
400 |
0.400 |
|
45 |
0.0138 |
354 |
0.354 |
|
50 |
0.0117 |
297 |
0.297 |
|
60 |
0.0098 |
250 |
0.250 |
|
70 |
0.0083 |
210 |
0.210 |
|
80 |
0.0070 |
177 |
0.177 |
|
100 |
0.0059 |
149 |
0.149 |
|
120 |
0.0049 |
125 |
0.125 |
|
140 |
0.0041 |
105 |
0.105 |
|
170 |
0.0035 |
88 |
0.088 |
|
200 |
0.0029 |
74 |
0.074 |
|
230 |
0.0024 |
63 |
0.063 |
|
270 |
0.0021 |
53 |
0.053 |
|
325 |
0.0017 |
44 |
0.044 |
|
400 |
0.0015 |
37 |
0.037 |
|
550 |
0,0009 |
25 |
0,025 |
|
800 |
0,0006 |
15 |
0,015 |
|
1250 |
0,0004 |
10 |
0,010 |
|
|
0,0002 |
5 |
0,005 |
|
|
0,000039 |
1 |
0,001 |
